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+ نوشته شده در جمعه بیست و چهارم اردیبهشت ۱۳۸۹ ساعت 15:5 توسط مهدی
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ASTM D5229 / D5229M - 92(2004)
ASTM D5229 / D5229M - 92(2004) Standard Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Active Standard ASTM D5229 / D5229M Developed by Subcommittee: D30.04 |Book of Standards Volume: 15.03
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure (Procedure A) for the determination of moisture absorption or desorption properties in the through-the-thickness direction for single-phase Fickian solid materials in flat or curved panel form. Also covered are procedures for conditioning test coupons prior to use in other test methods; either to equilibrium in a non-laboratory environment (Procedure B), to equilibrium in a standard laboratory atmosphere environment (Procedure C), or to an essentially moisture-free state (Procedure D). While intended primarily for laminated polymer matrix composite materials, these procedures are also applicable to other materials that satisfy the assumptions of 1.2.
1.2 The calculation of the through-the-thickness moisture diffusivity constant in Procedure A assumes a single-phase Fickian material with constant moisture absorption properties through the thickness of the specimen. The validity of the equations used in Procedure A for evaluating the moisture diffusivity constant in a material of previously unknown moisture absorption behavior is uncertain prior to the test, as the test results themselves determine if the material follows the single-phase Fickian diffusion model. A reinforced polymer matrix composite material tested below its glass-transition temperature typically meets this requirement, although two-phase matrices such as toughened epoxies may require a multi-phase moisture absorption model. While the test procedures themselves may be used for multi-phase materials, the calculations used to determine the moisture diffusivity constant in Procedure A are applicable only to single-phase materials. Other examples of materials and test conditions that may not meet the requirements are discussed in Section 6.
1.3 The evaluation by Procedure A of the moisture equilibrium content material property does not assume, and is therefore not limited to, single-phase Fickian diffusion behavior.
1.4 The procedures used by this test method may be performed, and the resulting data reduced, by suitable automatic equipment.
1.5 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of MIL-HDBK-17B (1), which describes the desirable attributes of a conditioning and moisture property determination procedure.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
ASTM Standards
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins
D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
D3171 Test Method for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D570 Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
Military Standard
MIL-B-131 Barrier Materials, Watervaporproof, Greaseproof, Flexible, Heat-Sealable
Index Terms
conditioning; moisture absorption; moisture desorption; moisture diffusivity; moisture equilibrium; polymer matrix composite materials; ICS Number Code 83.140.20 (Laminated sheet
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Composite Standards
ASTM's composite standards are instrumental in the evaluation and determination of the physical, shear, tensile, flexural, and compressive properties of various forms of composite materials used in structural applications. These composites can be in the form of sandwich core materials, honeycomb core materials, polymer matrix composite materials and their laminates, fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composite plates and bars, fiber reinforced metal matrix composites, carbon fiber-epoxy prepregs, continuous filament carbon and graphite fiber tows, hoop wound polymer matrix composite cylinders, sandwich beams, flat composite panels, simply supported sandwich composite plates, and fabric-reinforced textile composite materials. These composite standards are also helpful in guiding manufacturers and users of such materials in their proper fabrication and testing for the assurance of their quality.
List of composite standards developed by ASTM:
Jump to:
Constituent/Precursor Properties
Editorial and Resource Standards
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Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials | |
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Standard Practice for Fiber Reinforcement Orientation Codes for Composite Materials | |
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Lamina and Laminate Test Methods
Other standards developed by ASTM committees:
+ نوشته شده در پنجشنبه نهم اردیبهشت ۱۳۸۹ ساعت 16:38 توسط مهدی
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Foreword - continued
• Actual time spent for inspection:
1,000 man-hrs.
Source: Lufthansa Technik AG, Germany
Actual time spent using IR Lock-inSystem: about 100 man-hrs
10 weeks vs. 1 week downtime per aircraftپیش گفتار -- ادامه• زمان واقعی صرف شده برای بازرسی :
1،000 انسان ساعت.
منبع : لوفتهانزا تکنیک توسط آلمان
زمان واقعی صرف شده با استفاده از مادون قرمز قفل در
سیستم : در حدود 100 ساعت و انسان
10 هفته 1 هفته در مقابل خرابی در هر هواپیما
+ نوشته شده در پنجشنبه نهم اردیبهشت ۱۳۸۹ ساعت 16:16 توسط مهدی
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russia aerospace tech (تکنولوژی هوافضای روسیه )
بمب افکن های استراتژیک روسیه ارتقا می یابند
به گفته ی ژنرال Pavel Androsov( یکی از فرماندهان نیروی هوایی روسیه) بمب افکن های استراتژیک Tu-160 Blackjack و Tu-95MS Bear و بمب افکن دور برد Tu-22M3 Backfire در سال 2009 ازتقا می یابند
او گفت: بمب افکن های استراتژیک ما بیش از 15 سال خدمت کرده اند. بنا براین ما تصمیم داریم ارتقاهای سنگینی را بر روی انها اعمال کنیم
به گفته ی وی این ارتقاها شامل تغییراتی در سیستم هدفگیری و ناوبری این بمب افکن هاست. این ارتقا به انها اجازه میدهد از بمب های غیر هدایت شونده ی خود با دقت زیادی استفاده کنند(دایره خطا: کمتر از 20 متر)
وی افزود: برد عملیاتی این بمب افکن ها نیز افزایش می یابد و برای دفاع از خود به سلاح های بهتری مجهز میشوند
وی گفت در سال 2008، شصت بمب افکن روسی به همراه 15 هواپیمای سوخت رسان در ماموریت های گشت زنی در بیرون از مرز روسیه شرکت کردند.
او اضافه کرد: در این سال این بمب افکن ها بیش از 660 ساعت پرواز انجام دادند که در قالب 60 سورتی صورت گرفت. در این پرواز ها 100 موشک تاکتیکی استفاده شد
وی گفت برای اولین بار در تاریخ هوانوردی روسیه بمب افکن های Tu-160 روسیه موفق شدند به وسیله ی سوختگیری در قالب دو ماموریت 15 ساعته در اسمان باقی بمانند. در هر کدام از این ماموریت ها 25 تن سوخت در هوا به بمب افکن ها منتقل شد
در زیر دوتا از شرکت های مهم هوافضای روسیه به صورت مختصر معرفی شده است .
توپولف (به روسی: Туполев) یک شرکت روسی است که در صنایع دفاعی و هوافضایی فعالیت دارد.[۱۹۲۲ بنیان گذاشته شد، و در زمینه ساخت هواپیماهای نظامی و تجاری فعالیت دارد. این شرکت در سال
- نام کامل شرکت عبارت است از «دفتر طراحی توپـُلـِف» که در زبان روسی به «کا-ب توپولف (КБ Туполев) مشهور است. این نام برگرفته از نام آندره نیکلایویچ توپولف، بنیانگذار شرکت است. نام این شرکت در فارسی معمولاً بصورت «توپولف» نوشته میشود، اما گاهی به اشتباه به صورت «توپولوف» نوشته شده است.
سوخو (به روسی: Сухой) یک شرکت هوافضای روسی است.[۱] این شرکت در سال ۱۹۳۹ بنیان گذاشته شد، و در زمینه ساخت هواپیماهای جنگنده تخصص دارد. در زبان روسی عبارت Су و در انگلیسی عبارت Su برای نامگذاری هواپیماهای جنگنده سوخو بکار میرود.
شرکت سوخو بزرگترین تشکیلات هواپیماسازی روسیه است: این شرکت مالکیت سهامهای تمامی شرکتهایی را که برای هواپیمای سوخو قطعه تولید میکنند در اختیار دارد، و به همین علت بر چرخهٔ تولید، از طراحی گرفته تا ساخت و کنترل کیفیت، نظارت کامل ایفا میکند.
هواپیماهای سوخو نه تنها خط مقدم نیروی هوایی روسیه را تشکیل میدهند، بلکه بخش عمدهای از نیروی هوایی کشورهای دیگری مانند هند، ایران، آلمان، چین، و مصر نیز هستند.
هواپیمای مسافری
در ژوئن سال ۲۰۰۷، شرکت سوخو ورود خود را به بازار هواپیماهای مسافربری اعلام کرد. نخستین هواپیمای مسافری طراحی شده توسط سوخو سوپرجت-۱۰۰ نام دارد. این هواپیما با ظرفیت ۹۰ تا ۱۱۰ مسافر، دارای بردی برابر ۴۵۰۰ کیلومتر است. یک شرکت هواپیمایی ایتالیایی با سفارش ۱۰ فروند، و خطوط هوایی داخلی روسیه با سفارش ۵۰ فروند، آغاز خوبی را برای سوپرجت-۱۰۰ رقم زدند
قرارداد با ایران
در اوت سال ۲۰۰۶، شرکت سوخو به همراه شرکت دولتی صادرات ابزار دفاعی روسیه مورد تحریم دولت آمریکانیروی هوایی ایران برای مدرنیزه کرده ۳۰ فروند هواپیمای سوخو-۲۴ قراردادی منعقد کرده بود. دولت آمریکا علت این تحریم را نقض قانون عدم گسترش [تسلیحات کشتار جمعی] در مورد ایران (مصوب سال ۲۰۰۰ در مجلس نمایندگان آمریکا) ذکر کرد، به این بهانه که هواپیمای سوخو-۲۴ بالقوه قابلیت حمل کلاهک هستهای را دارا است. وزارت امور خارجه روسیه در این زمینه اظهار داشت که تمامی فعالیتهای نظامی بین ایران و روسیه منطبق بر قوانین روسیه و قوانین بینالمللی است، و دولت آمریکا را متهم کرد که سعی دارد کشورهای دیگر را وادار به پیروی از قوانین داخلی خود کند. قرار گرفتند. شرکت سوخو با
↑ شرکت سوخو پیشتر با نام «دفتر طراحی شماره ۵۱» یا به زبان روسی به «او-کا-ب-۵۱ (ОКБ-51) مشهور بوده است. نام سوخو برگرفته از نام پاول آسیپوویچ سوخو، بنیانگذار شرکت است.
ثانیه صفر!
انفجار نخستین جهان، نزدیکترین زمانی است که از شروع جهان ما میتوانیم بر روی آن تحقیق و مطالعه کنیم. این تئوری از زمانی شروع میشود که ما به علت دمای فوقالعاده زیاد آن زمان، نمیتوانستیم وجود داشته باشیم.
تئوری بیگ بنگ پذیرفته شدهترین نظریهی دربارهی شروع و تکامل جهان میباشد. در این تئوری گفته میشود که در حدود 14 میلیارد سال پیش، جهان از یک مادهی بسیار چگال که تنها حدود چند ملیمتر بوده است تشکیل شده بود.
در حدود 100 سال پیش در سالهای آغازین قرن بیستم، دانشمندان بسیاری در پی یافتن جوابی برای راز پیدایش جهان بودند. و یا اینکه جهان هیچگاه متولد نشده است و همیشه جهان وجود داشته است. اولین پاسخها به این سوال در سالهایی حدود 1919 میلادی داده شد. زمانی که آلبرت انیشتین نظریهی نسبیت عام خود را شرح داد. صدها سال بود که دانشمندان فکر میکردند که جهان ثابت و بدون تغییر است. اما انیشتین این معادلات را با معرفی ثابت کیهان شناختی اصلاح کرد. ثابت کیهان شناختی چیزی که است که جهان را منظم کرد و آن را به حالت تعادل در آورد. یکی از کسانی که به تئوری نسبیت عام انیشتین توجه کرد و آن را در مطالعات کیهانشناسی خود به کار برد کیهانشناس بلژیکی Georges Lemaître بود. او بر روی این معادله کار کرد و برای زمان نقطهی آغازی قائل شد و آن را بیگ بنگ نام نهاد. او فرض کرد که جهان از چیزی به وجود آمده است که او آن را اتم اولیهی نامید. این اتم اولیهی منفجر میشود و به قطعات دیگر تبدیل میشود. و آن ذرات یک بار دیگر به ذرات دیگر تفکیک میشوند تا اینکه اتمهای تشکیل دهندهی این جهان به وجود میآیند. تئوری Lemaître بلافاصله همهگیر نشد. این تئوری هنوز ابهامات بسیاری داشت. تا زمانی که ادوین هابل کهشانهایی که به سرعت در حال دور شدن از زمین بودند را مشاهده کرد، و با این مشاهدات خود تأییدی بر نظریهی Lemaître بود. به هر حال فرضیهی Lemaître دربارهی آغاز جهان با آن چیزی که امروز دربارهی آغاز جهان میدانیم متفاوت است.
Lemaître معتقد بود که نقطهی آغازین جهان دارای ساختار مرکب بوده که بعداً به اجزای سازندهی جهان تفکیک شود، اما امروزه دانشمندان معتقدند که جهان در ابتدا بسیار ساده بوده و بعداً رشد پیدا کرده و پیچیده شده و توسعه یافته است.
ایدهی بیگ بنگ ابتدا به وسیلهی دانشمندی روسی که در آمریکا متولد شده بود به نام George Gamow داده شده بود. در سال 1940 میلادی این دانشمند به همراه شاگرد خود Ralph Alpher فرض کردند که جهان از یک انفجار بزرگ و به طور فوقالعاده گرمی به نام بیگ بنگ آغاز شده است. سپس جهان از این مادهی سوپ مانند که بعد از انفجار به جای مانده بود و مخلوطی از پروتون، نوترون، الکترون و اشعههای مختلف بود رشد پیدا کرد و رفته رفته سرد شد. عنصری که در ابتدا به وجود آمد هیدروژن و هلیوم بود و طبق گفتهی این دانشمند در نیم ساعت پس از انفجار بزرگ تمام عناصر موجود در عالم به دنبال هیدروژن و هلیوم خلق شدند.
تئوری بیگ بنگ خوشایند بعضی از دانشمندان نبود. آنها میگفتند که جهان را خالقی آفریده است و خلقت او بیعیب و نقص بوده. بعضی دیگر از دانشمندان عقیده داشتند که جهان همیشه بوده و برای آن نمیتوان آغازی متصور بود. این نظرات باعث شده بود که بعضی از دانشمندان دنبال کشف تاریخ جهان بگردند و تئوری ارائه دهند که در آن بیگ بنگ را نفی کنند. البته ذکر این نکته ضروری است که خلقت جهان توسط یک خالق با نظریهی بیگ بنگ تناقضی ندارد، همان طور که خدا انسان را به وسیلهی جنین آفرید، خدا جهان را آفریده اما طبق یک قانون و روش که این روش و قانون میتواند تئوری بیگ بنگ باشد.
دانشمندانی استرالیایی به نام Thomas Gold و Hermann Bondi و دانشمندی انگلیسی به نام Fred Hoyle در رقابت با این نظریه در سال 1948 نظریهای ارائه دادند که در آن گفته میشد که جهان همیشه بوده است، و همیشه به این حالت که اکنون هست وجود داشته. و نظریهی خود را تئوری حالت پایدار نامیدند.
مشاهدات دانشمندان، نشان میداد که جهان در حال توسعه یافتن و منبسط شدن است. آنها دیدند که کهکشانها در حال دور شدن از یکدیگر میباشند و چگالی جهان در حال کم شدن است و برعکس حجم آن در حال افزایش میباشد. با گذشت زمان و دو برابر شدن فاصلهی بین کهکشانها و جمع شدن مواد لازم، کهکشان جدیدی به وجود میآمد. برای به وجود آمدن کهکشانی جدید اگر در هر مایل مکعب دو اتم به یکدیگر وصل شوند در هر سال، یک هزارم اونس (مقیاس وزنی برابر 31/1035 گرم) ماده تشکیل میشود. که برای به وجود آمدن یک کهکشان باید زمان بسیار بسیار طولانی طی شود.
دانشمندان بر سر این موضوع بحث میکردند که دلیل این اتفاقات (انبساط جهان) چیست؟
نظریهی بیگ بنگ در مورد مواد تشکیل دهندهی ستارهها خیلی خوب توضیح میداد. این نظریه پیش بینی میکرد که انرژی مورد نیاز ستارگان از انفجار هیدروژن به دست میآید. و انرژی تولید شده از حاصل این انفجار به صورت نور به بیرون منتشر میشود. درنتیجه ستارهها بهوسیلهی سوختی از هیدروژن انرژی مورد نیاز خود را تأمین میکنند. و این فعل و انفعالات در ستارهها باعث به وجود آمدن اکسیژن، کربن و دیگر عناصر مورد نیاز برای زندگی میشود. نظر و ایدهی دانشمندان امروزی نیز همین هست که بسیاری از عناصر میتوانند در ستارهها به وجود بیایند.
کشمکش میان عقل و دل کیهان شناسان تا دههی 1960 ادامه داشت، اما در این دهه نیز مشاهدات دانشمندان نظریهی بیگ بنگ را تأیید میکرد. و سرانجام پروفسور استفان هاوکینگ نظریهی بیگ بنگ را گسترش بخشید. او شرح داد که جهان از یک جسم بسیار بسیار چگال آغاز شده و شروع به گسترش و انبساط کرده است، البته پروفسور هاوکینگ برای گفتههای خود از تئوری نسبیت عمومی استفاده کرد. این نکته فراموش نشود که پروفسور هاوکینگ نه پایهگذار این تئوری است نه پایان دهندهی آن، بلکه ایشان فقط تغییراتی در این تئوری به وجود آوردند. برای آشنایی بیشتر با نظریات پروفسور هاوکینگ در این باره میتوانید به کتاب تاریخچه زمان ایشان که به فارسی هم ترجمه شده است مراجعه کنید. با تمام این صحبتها بنیان گذار تئوری بیگ بنگ را باید George Gamow دانست.
حال بعد از پرداختن به تاریخچهای مختصر از این تئوری خوب است که دربارهی خود نظریهی بیگ بنگ هم صحبتی به میان بیاوریم. در انیمیشن زیر میتوانید شبیهسازی این انفجار بزرگ را مشاهده کنید.
اگر شما فیلم پیدایش جهان از ابتدا تا کنون را به صورت برعکس ببینید، خواهد دید که جهان در حال کوچک شدن و به هم نزدیک شدن است، تا جایی که اجرام آسمانی با یکدیگر برخورد میکنند و یک کرهی کوچک با چگالی زیاد را میسازند. در ثانیهی صفرم، قبل از انفجار بزرگ، کیهان خیلی داغ و غلیظ است. قوانین فیزیک هنوز قابل کاربرد نیستند. در لحظهی انفجار حداقل 10 بعد برای شکل دادن به کیهان به وجود میآیند. از این ابعاد تنها 4 بعد به وجود خود ادامه میدهند که ما آنها را میشناسیم. 3 تا از ابعاد فضا و یک بعد زمان.
در ثانیههای ابتدایی تشکیل جهان، زمانی که فوتونها با یکدیگر برخورد کردند و انرژی آنها به جرم تبدیل شد، پروتون، نوترون و الکترون تشکیل شدند. و چهار نیرو هویت مستقل یافتند، که آن نیروها نیروی گرانشی، الکتریکی و هستهای قوی و هستهای ضعیف میباشند. که به این نیروها، نیروهای بنیادی میگویند. در این زمان جهان همچنان مشغول سرد شدن بود. از 1023 درجه به 10 میلیارد درجه.
تقریباً 3 دقیقه بعد از بیگ بنگ، زمانی که دمای جهان به حدود 1 میلیارد درجه رسیده بود، پروتون و نوترون با یکدیگر ترکیب شدند و هستهی هلیوم و لیتیوم را که سبکترین عناصر هستند را به وجود آوردند.
مرحلهی عمدهی بعدی که رخ داده است، تقریباً 300000 سال بعد از بیگ بنگ بوده است، زمانی که دمای جهان چیزی در حدود 3000 درجه بوده است، که هنوز این دما هم دمای مطلوب برای حیات نبوده است. در این دما الکترون قادر به ماندن در مدار هستهی اتم میشود و اتمهای خنثی به وجود بیاورد. (اتمها قبل از ترکیب با الکترون به دلیل وجود بار مثبت درون هستهی اتم دارای بار مثبت بودند و بعد از ترکیب شدن با الکترون با بار منفی این بار مثبت خنثی شده و اتمی خنثی تشکیل شده است.) اتمهای هیدروژن و هلیوم، سر انجام سوخت ستارگان را به وجود میآورند. تا حالا کیهان کدر و مات بوده است و قابل رویت نبوده است و این به دلیل فزونی الکترونهای رها شده است. هنگامی که بیشتر الکترونها در مدار هسته قرار میگیرند کیهان شفافتر شده و دیدن آن سوی کیهان ممکن میشود.
1 میلیارد سال بعد از بیگ بنگ، ستارهها و کهکشانها متولد میشوند، و از آن زمان تا به امروز جهان شروع به بزرگ شدن و منبسط شدن و همچنین سرد شدن کرده است، و شرایط برای زندگی ما در این جهان مهیا شده است.
Dell Building Supercomputer in Russia
Bigelow Aerospace Launches Private Space Station into Orbit from Orenburg Region
Charles Ganske
Friday, June 28, 2007 was apparently a big day for business news from Russia. The latest reports come from Russia's National Information Technology Development Center and Bigelow Aerospace, a U.S. company launching private space station modules into orbit from the Orenberg Region.
A new super computer aimed at solving Russian oil and gas industry tasks on the interior of the earth usage is to be constructed in Dubna special economic zone. The computing cluster delivery within the strategic partnership with the National IT Development Center in the oil and gas industry is to be carried out by the Dell company. Besides [taking delivery of the supercomputer], the scientists are going to turn to the company’s head Michael Dell with proposals to develop innovations in the Russian oil and gas industry.
While many industry analysts have criticized Russia for not doing more in research and oil and gas exploration, this report suggests that Russian energy producers are looking to the future. And while "Peak Oil" enthusiasts continue to insist that Russian oil production has topped out or will do so in the next few years, Russia has just begun applying the latest technologies to tapping its vast natural resources.
Read the rest of this story at CNews.ru.
Click on the extended post to read about private space launches in Russia.
The ultimate in adventure tourism - if Bigelow Aerospace succeeds, space tourists launched into orbit from Russia will soon get to watch the sunrise every ninety minutes
Yesterday the aviation trade publication Aero News reported that the North Las Vegas, Nevada based private space launch company Bigelow Aerospace successfully launched an experimental module from the ISC Kosmotras Yasny Cosmodrome in the Orenburg region of Russia.
The company reports the flight and stage separation of the Dnepr performed as planned, with Genesis II separating from its rocket about 14 minutes into orbit. The company's Mission Control in North Las Vegas, NV made first contact at 2:20 pm Thursday afternoon."
Robert T. Bigelow, Bigelow Aerospace founder and owner of the Budget Suites of America hotel chain, has committed $500 million toward building a private commercial space station by 2015, according to the International Herald-Tribune.
Genesis II is the second space module designed to test and confirm systems for future manned commercial space modules to be manufactured by the Las Vegas-based company.
Company Aims To Build Private Space Station by 2015
The second experimental pathfinder spacecraft by Bigelow Aerospace, Genesis II, has been successfully launched and inserted into orbit. The privately-funded space station module was launched on a Dnepr rocket Thursday morning from the ISC Kosmotras Yasny Cosmodrome in the Orenburg region of Russia.
The company reports the flight and stage separation of the Dnepr performed as planned, with Genesis II separating from its rocket about 14 minutes into orbit. The company's Mission Control in North Las Vegas, NV made first contact at 2:20 pm Thursday afternoon.
Robert T. Bigelow, Bigelow Aerospace founder and owner of the Budget Suites of America hotel chain, has committed $500 million toward building a private commercial space station by 2015, according to the International Herald-Tribune.
Initial data suggests sufficient battery voltage and "decent" air pressure, but confirmation of solar panel deployment and spacecraft expansion has not yet been received, spokesman Chris Reed.
"But all the data indicates that's the case," he said.
The 15-foot long module was designed to expand to 8 feet in diameter.
Genesis II is the second space module designed to test and confirm systems for future manned commercial space modules to be manufactured by the Las Vegas-based company.
Genesis I was launched last year and operated as planned, expanding and transmitting pictures of itself in space. The module continues to successfully return data and images from Earth orbit.
The modules have a flexible outer surface that is wrapped around a central core at launch and expands into orbit through air inflation. Several of these modules could be linked together to form a space station.
The skin is made of several layers including impact-resistant materials. The company says their test results indicate these expandable shells are much more resistant to space debris than the modules on the International Space Station.
Program Manager Eric Haakonstad says with the experience of Genesis I, they were better primed for the launch of Genesis II.
"With Genesis I, it was our first rodeo. We didn't know exactly what to expect," Haakonstad says. "This time, we were able to perform rehearsals and were more prepared for the launch phase."
The only problem so far was a brief communications difficulty in Russia, caused a delay in confirming Genesis II's separation from the Dnepr rocket.
"Any deviation from nominal magnifies the anxiety. When it came in four minutes later, it was a big relief," Haakonstad says.
"" February ° 2003
The Russian aerospace industry is now at an intersection of three roads. The first is a self-sufficient restructuring of the aircraft branch so that it can manufacture competitive 21st-century equipment. This policy would require immense injections of funds by the state along with a rigorous protection of the domestic market and the preservation of leading state-owned enterprises of the branch.
The second road leads to a speedy involvement in the international division of labor, transparency of domestic production and air cargo traffic, and the privatization of the industry in order to attract domestic and foreign investment for its restructuring based on advanced technologies.
The third road passes between the first two, and all indicates that the Russian aviation and space complex is most likely to choose this third option: every possible help the state can muster plus scientific, technological and production cooperation with major Western companies in individual sectors of the space and aviation industry.
In this issue Diplomat highlights for its readers some problems of international cooperation of the Russian aerospace branch.
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF RUSSIA'S AEROSPACE
The Russian aircraft industry is going through rough times. Its share in world production has dropped to an unjustifiably small level: whereas the Soviet Union accounted for nearly a quarter of world civil and military aircraft manufacturing, Russia's share today doesn't even exceed a mere 2 percent. Over the last decade, this country's air traffic volume has gone down by 3 times. Russian airlines increasingly often opt for cost-effective foreign-made planes. The still competitive military aircraft manufacturing branch keeps afloat primarily thanks to export orders. Unless drastic structural change dictated by harsh domestic and foreign market requirements is made, the production, scientific-technical and HR potential of the sector will get lost. This calls for a state-sponsored development strategy that provides for the involvement of the Russian aviation and space industry in the international division of labor within the framework of both intergovernmental and private initiatives. Incidentally, this branch has long been anything but a planned-economy monolith: the unitary state-owned enterprises and joint-stock companies with state participation account for 29 and 33 percent respectively, the rest being private businesses. Due to a shortage of public funds to be invested in technological restructuring, the initiative and energy of those new economic entities are acquiring crucial importance.
Taking a long way
In May 2002, the following news from Moscow hit the domestic and foreign press: Airbus, the leading world manufacturer of long-range air liners, struck a partnership deal with Kaskol, a private Russian company group that was still little known in world aircraft construction at the time. The agreement envisaged the setting up in Moscow of an engineering center and the manufacturing of Airbus aircraft components and units at Kaskol-owned plants. This engineering, technical and production cooperation is conducted under the Strategic partnership agreement signed in the summer of 2001 between Rosaviakosmos (the Russian Aviation and Space Agency) and the European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS), which incorporates leading aircraft manufacturers of the European Union. The agreement comprises some 25 specific cooperation projects, whose implementation in the next decade is estimated at 2.1 billion euros.
As for American aerospace companies, they are also not less actively entering the Russian market. Along with the involvement in global projects, such as the International Space Station and the Sea Launch, the Boeing Corporation has already invested in excess of US$1.3 billion in own projects in Russia. Jointly with the Sukhoi Design Bureau and the Ilyushin aircraft concern, Boeing intends to manufacture a civil air liner for local routes. It is supposed to be equipped with a new engine of Pratt and Whitney Canada (a division of United Technologies Corporation). Along with Lockheed Martin, the latter actively cooperates with NPO Energomach in manufacturing and maintaining Russian-designed liquid fuel rockets. Three launches of U.S. Atlas carrier rockets with Russian RD-180 engines have already taken place. For several years now, the U.S. Hamilton Standard Nauka (Russia) joint-venture company has been stepping up the production of state-of-the-art air conditioning systems: since 2002, they have been installed on an increasing number of Boeing 747 and Boeing 777 aircraft. Soon, the units made in Moscow will be installed on Airbus 380 airliners as well.
This list of projects of cooperation between Russia, Europe and the U.S. in the aviation and space area, which is far from complete, can be supplemented by the fact that this country is a major supplier of semifinished products constantly required by the aircraft branch, such as titanium and aluminum alloys. Airbus, for instance, purchases more than a half, whereas Boeing buys about a quarter of flat and round rolled titanium products from the Verkhnyaya Salda Metallurgical Association.
Stepping back to move ahead
For the time being, the picture of the involvement of our aerospace sector in the international division of labor looks fairly fragmentary as compared with the huge canvas of the still recently most advanced and self-sufficient branch of the Soviet economy. Nevertheless, it is already safe to state that it is a consistent and rational integration into the world aircraft manufacturing industry that provides the main condition for preserving the accumulated potential and expanding our aviation sector. By the way, this is substantiated by European experience where the merging of leading aircraft makers within the EADS has not resulted in the loss but, on the contrary, in a strengthening of national aviation branches and their enhanced scientific-technical and technological potentialities.
The interest of leading foreign aerospace companies in both the research results and know-how of the Russian aviation branch as well as in entering our domestic market reveals prospects of such integration. Such cooperation will enable the Russian aerospace sector to not only renew its technological facilities but also take up, even if a modest, yet firm place in the world aviation and space manufacturing industry. Its development in the past decade shows, however, that no one, even the most powerful national association or aviation complex, can defy competition in the world market without cooperating in one way or the other with other nations, because only this competition results in reduced production cost, access to advanced technologies and the entry into world markets. In this context, the entry of the Russian aerospace sector into the international market of subcontracting work aimed at implementing global aerospace projects, along with attracting foreign investors to manufacture the most forward-looking models of Russian-designed aircraft and space facilities, represents today the optimal way of developing the branch. As a matter of fact, the Russia aircraft sector has already embarked on this path, which allows to use both the accumulated potential and the benefits of this country's involvement in the world economy linked to the forthcoming accession to the WTO.
Sometimes, a step backward needs to be made to move ahead. Likewise, our aircraft branch that made in Soviet times the entire range of flying vehicles--from the smallest aircraft to long-range air liners--needs by all means to drastically abandon the aircraft equipment and technologies that don't meet any longer the world market requirements and to focus on a limited number of projects. Someone may consider the establishment of international cooperation in individual, often even narrow niches of the world aerospace market as a surrender of positions of the formerly powerful branch. Yet the past two decades of technical backwardness of our aviation don't leave any other choice. The world market, part of which Russia is becoming, dictates its own laws and rejects ambitious projects if the latter don't meet its demands.
The latest example: Boeing, the leader of the world aircraft industry, intends to freeze its program of manufacturing "a sonic cruiser" due to an insufficient stock of orders and to shift to the manufacture of a more economical 250-seat air liner.
Slowly but surely
Initially, high-tech branches gain momentum at a slow pace. Especially in a situation that calls not only for a restructuring of the production facilities but also management methods. This situation requires to focus on achieving a commercial end result and, most importantly, on correct identifying the development strategy of the entire industry and individual enterprises alike. Ten years of the Kaskol Group's experience show that such restructuring has already started in the Russian aerospace complex. Its key area of development for the years to come has also been identified. This makes it possible to fairly accurately forecast, which will be the basic features of the Russian aerospace sector in ten years from now.
WTO accession will provide the Russian aviation industry with a privileged incubation period for launching the manufacture sale of the latest regional planes and helicopters (Russian- and foreign-designed). The participation in international cooperation programs will allow to load the available production capacities, expand research and development work and update technologies by attracting foreign capital. A wide-reaching access to the world market of subcontracting work (manufacture of component parts and units, end products and special-purpose manufacturing equipment), which don't require sizable investment will bolster the aircraft branch owing to small and middle-sized businesses. A greater transparency of the domestic market and the access to the world market will stiffen competition in the branch and produce a natural choice in favor of the most effective enterprises. Private Russian companies and businesses with mixed property types, including government-sponsored and private foreign investors, will play a leading part in the aviation industry. The extension of the domestic market of air transportation and its enhanced cost-efficiency will result in an accumulation of capital and its influx to the aircraft branch, which will help bring its scientific-technical and technological infrastructure in line with the 21st-century requirements.
KASKOL
The Kaskol Group integrates 20 enterprises operating in high-tech branches of the Russian industry. Aircraft manufacturing is the priority line of business where Kaskol is a management company and systems integrator of long-term innovation projects; it introduces advanced management and information technologies. The Group has a diversified corporate structure run by a team of top managers, who acquired experience in leading Russian and foreign aircraft construction companies.
Kaskol is a major Russian counterpart of several important foreign companies in implementing global aerospace projects. It secures the involvement of Russian enterprises in the international market of subcontract work.
The Nizhni Novgorod-based Gidromash Plant, part of the Kaskol Group, exports 85 percent of its products to foreign countries. Over the last six years, the amount of subcontract work related to export orders has annually increased from US$18,000 to US$20 million. In 2003, supplies of parts and units for the European aerospace industry will account for approximately half of the plant's total stock of orders.
In the photo: Sergey Nedoroslev, Kaskol Group president (first from left), familiarizing Gustav Humbert, Airbus chief operating officer, with the manufacture of aircraft landing gears at the Gidromash Plant.
Airbus in Russia
The West European Airbus company has been cooperating with Russia's aviation branch since 1991 when the large-fuselage A310 plane got the Russian certificate "The First Western-built Aircraft." At the same time, joint research programs involving leading aircraft research institutes were launched.
Currently, the Aeroflot airline operates eleven A310 aircraft on long- and middle-range routes. In November 2002, the Russian airline stroke a deal with Airbus for manufacturing eighteen A320 family planes. By the time being, over 500 Russian scientists, engineers and workers are engaged in implementing nearly 45 projects relating to Airbus programs. These cover the development of concepts of promising aircraft, new materials, and software products that ensure manufacturing processes and aerodynamic simulation methods.
The setting up--in cooperation with the Kaskol Group--of a Moscow-based Engineering Center marks the next step in boosting cooperation between Airbus and the Russian aviation industry. The center that is supposed to employ some 100 Russian specialists by the end of 2004, will coordinate Airbus cooperation programs with Russian aircraft makers and involve them in subcontract work to manufacture units and parts of Airbus aircraft including the latest models: A318, A340-500/600, and A380.
BOEING IN RUSSIA
Cooperation between the U.S. Boeing Corporation and the Russian aerospace complex has started with drafting and implementing of the historic Apollo-Soyuz docking project back in the 1970s. Since 1992, Boeing began establishing long-term business, scientific and technical ties with Russia's airlines and aircraft manufacturers. One of the first steps was the setting up in Moscow of a Boeing research and technical center that employs more than 350 Russian specialists in the fields of civil aviation, information technologies and space exploration. 700 Russian specialists work in six regions of this country under contracts with the corporation.
At the moment, 18 Russian and CIS airlines operate over 70 Boeing-made models 717, 737, 767, 777 plus DC-10, which account for 80 percent of the whole Western-made aircraft fleet in the region. In cooperation with the Russian East-Line Group, Boeing is setting up in Domodedovo Airport the first in Russia maintenance center for Western-made commercial planes.
Boeing has greatly contributed to Russia's development of four new cross-polar routes, saving money and flight time between North America and South-East Asia.
KNAAPO: PINNING HOPES ON CIVIL PROJECTS
The ÎÀÎ Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association (KnAAPO), known as a military SU family aircraft maker, is currently developing two programs of plane production for civil uses. Be-103, a light amphibious aircraft, and the Su-80 plane designed for local and regional airlines can become, according to specialists, the Association's successful commercial projects, along with the multi-purpose Su-30MK aircraft.
The light amphibious Be-103 plane was developed by the Taganrog G. M. Beriev Aircraft Research Complex (TANTK) that has been over many decades a leading hydroplane designer in the Soviet Union and then in Russia. KnAAPO launched commercial manufacturing of Be-103 airplanes. Joint cooperation produced an aircraft with characteristics, which make it fairly attractive to the small and conservative seaplane market. Versatility is among Be-103's main assets. After minor re-equipment, it can be used, apart from airlifting passengers and cargo, also as a patrol or ambulance plane as well as for environmental monitoring and fire control.
Be-103 is provided with two TCM I0-360 piston engines manufactured by the U.S. Teledyne Continental Company. The realization of the concept of water displacing wing with hydroplaning on three points (planning step, the right and left trailing edges of the wing) provides an essential gain in dynamic stability on water and increases seaworthiness.
The radio communication, flying and navigation instruments allow to handle the Be-103 aircraft any time of the day and night in any region of the world.
KnAAPO has manufactured five flying copies of the plane up to now. The initial takeoffs from land and water were carried out in July 1997 and April 1998. In December 2001, the check certification tests of the Be-103 aircraft were completed, whereupon the Aviation Register of the Interstate Aviation Committee issued a standard type certificate in accordance with the Russian AP-23 airworthiness regulations. Be-103 was already presented to the general public at international AERO '99 and AERO 2001 air shows (Friedrichshafen, Germany), MAX 2001 (Moscow, Russia) and at hydro-aircraft air shows in Gelendzhik in 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002.
The Taganrog Testing Facility is carrying out flight and static Be-103 tests to obtain a type certificate according to the FAR-23 rules and regulations; said certification is scheduled for 2004. Foreign clients already made requests for Be-103 planes. The first aircraft will be exported in 2003.
In designing the line of amphibious planes, KnAAPO built a light experimental plane, SA-20P. Although it has some outward resemblance to Be-103, SA-20P has basic distinguishing features. The SA-20P designers primarily target Russia and CIS countries where the aircraft will be operated. That's why only one Russian-made M-14Kh engine (manufactured in Voronezh)--instead of two U.S. engines installed in Be-103--is mounted there. Besides, there will be a transition to only domestic fuels and lubricants. Moreover, the plane is rigged out with Russian-made onboard equipment, whereas Be-103 is provided with American Bendix King radio communication, flying and navigation facilities. SA-20P made its maiden flight in October 2002 from the KnAAPO airfield. Flight tests of the aircraft will continue in February-March 2003.
The Su-80GP multi-function passenger and cargo aircraft represents one more civil project. It is designed to airlift 30 passengers in a pressurized cabin, or 3,300 kg cargo on local and regional air routes any time of the day, in both simple and complicated weather conditions. Su-80 is executed to a double-beam circuit design, and equipped with two U.S. General Electric-made CT7-9B high-economical turboprop engines and Hamilton Sundstrand propellers. The cockpit is provided with color liquid-crystal indicators that facilitate the interpretation of flight data and enhance the performance of the aircraft systems.
Su-80 is a multi-purpose plane with a wide range of uses. It is planned to design--on the basis of the passenger-cargo Su-80 version--a cargo airplane, Su-80GP-100, and a number of other modifications. The Su-80 aircraft is being developed in compliance with the AP-25 and FAR-25 airworthiness rules and regulations. The flight prototype of the plane was demonstrated for the first time at the MAX 2001 air show in August 2001. Su-80's maiden flight took place in September of the same year.
The widening of the civil component in KnAAPO's manufacturing program primarily arises from the ever-changing world market situation. The amount of military orders has tended to drop over the last few years, whereas the demand for civil airplanes is increasing. KnAAPO's growing emphasis on the world aircraft market insistently urges the enterprise to look out for niches in the fast growing general-purpose aviation market. That's the reason why civil projects are called upon to dominate the Association's export policies before long.
By Viktor Merkulov, General Director of OAO Komsomolsk-ly-Amur Aircraft Production Association (KnAAPO) named after Yu. A. Gagarin
AVIASTAR'S INTERNATIONAL AMBITIONS
Ulyanovsk-based ZAO Aviastar-SP, a major Russian aircraft construction company, is known worldwide by its gigantic Ruslan planes and middle-range Tu-204 family airliners. The plant manufactures annually roughly 60 aircraft that meet the highest international flying rules and regulations. They successfully compete with their foreign Boeing and Airbus analogs.
In 2002, the aircraft enterprise that lived through a severe economic crisis managed--owing to consistent management policies--to re-launch the production capacities and revive partnership ties with foreign clients. Ambitious contracts concluded with domestic users made it possible to attract multi-million investments.
The signing of a contract for the manufacture of Tu-204-120 aircraft with OAO Tupolev and the Russian branch of Sirocco Aerospace International owned by Dr. Ibrahim Kamel, president of the Egyptian Kato Aromatic company, marked a significant milestone of the past year. This way, a long-standing partner of the Ulyanovsk Aircraft Construction Works confirmed his involvement in mutually advantageous cooperation that will result in investing US$355 million in ZAO Aviastar-SP.
Dr. Kamel, a prominent businessman and economic adviser to Egypt's President, maintains good personal contacts with Russian authorities; he has been cooperating with the Ulyanovsk plant for many years now. Sirocco Aerospace International purchased 5 middle-range Tu-204-120 aircraft. Till 2006, the Egyptian company will buy another 20 airliners. In case of successful cooperation, the already existing option with China for 10 planes will also develop into a firm order.
Today, ZAO Aviastar-SP not only considers upgrading the production capacities but is also planning to fully restore the enterprise and its capability to supply Russia's aircraft branch with promising and so badly needed aircraft facilities. To achieve this goal, it will take a far-reaching revamp of the entire technical superstructure. The unique enterprise should really live up to its mission. The signing of the contract with Egypt, as Ulyanovsk plant insiders say, is a vital test of its professionalism and one more check of resilience of the team that has time and again proved its ability to construct the best of the aircraft and send them to the skies.
Humans in Space in 2057
China's second manned spacecraft Shenzhou-6 sits abroad a Long March CZ-2F on the launch tower of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in this undated photo released on October 11, 2005.
Fifty years after Russia's satellite Sputnik 1 launched an international space race, a new era of space exploration is now underway.
The governments of the United States, China, India, and Japan have announced high-profile plans to send humans back to the moon for the first time since 1972.
Chinese officials recently reiterated their intentions to use the Long March and Shenzhou craft to build a lunar outpost by 2020.
Zhang Qingwei, president of the China Aerospace and Technology Corporation, said that given the opportunity China would work jointly with the United States and other space powers to build a global settlement on the moon.
russia aerospace tech (تکنولوژی هوافضای روسیه )
بمب افکن های استراتژیک روسیه ارتقا می یابند
Program Manager Eric Haakonstad says with the experience of Genesis I, they were better primed for the launch of Genesis II.
"
The Russian aerospace industry is now at
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF RUSSIA'S AEROSPACE
The Russian aircraft industry is going through rough times. Its share in world Taking a long way
In May 2002, the following news from Moscow hit the domestic and foreign press: Airbus, the leading world manufacturer of long-range air liners, struck
Airbus in Russia
BOEING IN RUSSIA
KNAAPO: PINNING HOPES ON CIVIL PROJECTS
Humans in Space in 2057
China's second manned spacecraft Shenzhou-6 sits abroad a Long March CZ-2F on the launch tower of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in this undated photo released on October 11, 2005.
Fifty years after Russia's satellite Sputnik 1 launched an international space race, a new era of space exploration is now underway.
The governments of the United States, China, India, and Japan have announced high-profile plans to send humans back to the moon for the first time since 1972.
Chinese officials recently reiterated their intentions to use the Long March and Shenzhou craft to build a lunar outpost by 2020.
Zhang Qingwei, president of the China Aerospace and Technology Corporation, said that given the opportunity China would work jointly with the United States and other space powers to build a global settlement on the moon.
russia aerospace tech (تکنولوژی هوافضای روسیه )
بمب افکن های استراتژیک روسیه ارتقا می یابند
Program Manager Eric Haakonstad says with the experience of Genesis I, they were better primed for the launch of Genesis II.
"
The Russian aerospace industry is now at
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF RUSSIA'S AEROSPACE
The Russian aircraft industry is going through rough times. Its share in world Taking a long way
In May 2002, the following news from Moscow hit the domestic and foreign press: Airbus, the leading world manufacturer of long-range air liners, struck
Airbus in Russia
BOEING IN RUSSIA
KNAAPO: PINNING HOPES ON CIVIL PROJECTS
Humans in Space in 2057
China's second manned spacecraft Shenzhou-6 sits abroad a Long March CZ-2F on the launch tower of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in this undated photo released on October 11, 2005.
Fifty years after Russia's satellite Sputnik 1 launched an international space race, a new era of space exploration is now underway.
The governments of the United States, China, India, and Japan have announced high-profile plans to send humans back to the moon for the first time since 1972.
Chinese officials recently reiterated their intentions to use the Long March and Shenzhou craft to build a lunar outpost by 2020.
Zhang Qingwei, president of the China Aerospace and Technology Corporation, said that given the opportunity China would work jointly with the United States and other space powers to build a global settlement on the moon.
russia aerospace tech (تکنولوژی هوافضای روسیه )
بمب افکن های استراتژیک روسیه ارتقا می یابند
Program Manager Eric Haakonstad says with the experience of Genesis I, they were better primed for the launch of Genesis II.
russia aerospace tech (تکنولوژی هوافضای روسیه )
بمب افکن های استراتژیک روسیه ارتقا می یابند
Program Manager Eric Haakonstad says with the experience of Genesis I, they were better primed for the launch of Genesis II.
"
The Russian aerospace industry is now at
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF RUSSIA'S AEROSPACE
The Russian aircraft industry is going through rough times. Its share in world Taking a long way
In May 2002, the following news from Moscow hit the domestic and foreign press: Airbus, the leading world manufacturer of long-range air liners, struck
Airbus in Russia
BOEING IN RUSSIA
KNAAPO: PINNING HOPES ON CIVIL PROJECTS
Humans in Space in 2057
China's second manned spacecraft Shenzhou-6 sits abroad a Long March CZ-2F on the launch tower of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in this undated photo released on October 11, 2005.
Fifty years after Russia's satellite Sputnik 1 launched an international space race, a new era of space exploration is now underway.
The governments of the United States, China, India, and Japan have announced high-profile plans to send humans back to the moon for the first time since 1972.
Chinese officials recently reiterated their intentions to use the Long March and Shenzhou craft to build a lunar outpost by 2020.
Zhang Qingwei, president of the China Aerospace and Technology Corporation, said that given the opportunity China would work jointly with the United States and other space powers to build a global settlement on the moon.
"
The Russian aerospace industry is now at
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF RUSSIA'S AEROSPACE
The Russian aircraft industry is going through rough times. Its share in world Taking a long way
In May 2002, the following news from Moscow hit the domestic and foreign press: Airbus, the leading world manufacturer of long-range air liners, struck
Airbus in Russia
BOEING IN RUSSIA
KNAAPO: PINNING HOPES ON CIVIL PROJECTS
Humans in Space in 2057
China's second manned spacecraft Shenzhou-6 sits abroad a Long March CZ-2F on the launch tower of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in this undated photo released on October 11, 2005.
Fifty years after Russia's satellite Sputnik 1 launched an international space race, a new era of space exploration is now underway.
The governments of the United States, China, India, and Japan have announced high-profile plans to send humans back to the moon for the first time since 1972.
Chinese officials recently reiterated their intentions to use the Long March and Shenzhou craft to build a lunar outpost by 2020.
Zhang Qingwei, president of the China Aerospace and Technology Corporation, said that given the opportunity China would work jointly with the United States and other space powers to build a global settlement on the moon.
+ نوشته شده در شنبه چهارم اردیبهشت ۱۳۸۹ ساعت 11:35 توسط مهدی
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رزومه نويسنده: متولد ۱۳۴۰ مدرك كارشناسي ارشد هوافضا با تجربه ۲۰ سال اموزشي وصنعتي-
ادامه نوشته
هواپيماهاعلاقه مند به دانش وخدمت به انسانها
+ نوشته شده در شنبه چهارم اردیبهشت ۱۳۸۹ ساعت 10:40 توسط مهدی
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